Фетальный микрохимеризм как участник канцерогенеза
ОБЗОРЫ
Аннотация
Явление микрохимеризма характеризуется миграцией небольшого количества клеток матери или плода через гематоплацентарный барьер, что приводит к образованию химерных тканей. Особый интерес представляет изучение влияния микрохимерных клеток плода на материнский организм. Современные исследования предоставляют противоречивые результаты о роли фетальных микрохимерных (ФМ) клеток в патогенезе онкологических заболеваний. Это противоречие может быть обусловлено методологическими подходами в исследовании ФМ клеток (в кровотоке и в самой опухоли). Как правило, исследования, которые анализируют циркулирующие в периферической крови микрохимерные клетки, связывают их с «защитной функцией», тогда как работы, выявляющие микрохимеризм в пораженной ткани, обычно указывают на их «негативную или способствующую развитию опухоли роль». Интересным аспектом является плацентарное происхождение большинства ФМ-клеток, что и обусловливает их высокую инвазивность. Совместно с геномным конфликтом между матерью и плодом инвазивность уменьшает устойчивость к опухолевым заболеваниям. В ряде исследований была показана способность ФМ-клеток к стимуляции ангиогенеза, что может существенно повлиять на метастазирование опухоли. В то же время выработка цитокинов ФМ-клетками в очаге опухоли может существенно улучшить прогноз течения заболевания. Особой сложностью в исследованиях ФМ-клеток является их детекция в организме матери. В большинстве случаев исследование касалось только женщин, имевших сыновей, ввиду наличия Y хромосомы в ФМ-клетках, что могло существенно повлиять на конечный результат. В этой связи поиск новых методических подходов в исследование ФМ-клеток может пролить свет на понимание этого явления.
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