Lung development
LECTURES
Abstract
Lung development is a multi-stage process that results in the formation of a morphologically and functionally complex structure. Knowledge of the features of respiratory diverticulum derivatives is of particular importance in connection with quite common respiratory diseases that may be associated with a violation of the process of their intrauterine development. Congenital malformations of the lungs (CLM) occur with a frequency of 0.87–1.02 per 10,000 newborns. The level of disruption of the tracheobronchial tree and the timing (gestational age) of embryological damage correlate with the type of lesion and are manifested by a violation of bronchial branching and alveolar formation. The success of prenatal screening has provided evidence that the prevalence of CLM is higher than previously thought. The problem of premature birth, which results in 5–10% of all pregnancies, deserves close attention, since respiratory disorders are very common in premature babies. In this situation, it is very important to assess the degree of differentiation of all components of the lungs and, first of all, the respiratory tract, which is formed in the second half of pregnancy. Currently, there are studies explaining some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying such critical processes as bronchial branching morphogenesis, vascular development, and differentiation of multipotent progenitor cell populations. The data obtained show that lung development is controlled by a cascade of signaling pathways that are regulated by sequential gene expression. Nevertheless, there are many gaps that need to be filled in order to understand respiratory disorders, birth defects in newborns, and how disruption of morphogenetic programs in the early stages of lung development can lead to changes that persist throughout life.
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